pidigits Arbitrary precision arithmetic might be provided by wrapping a third-party library written in some-other programming language. How would you know? First a few simple programs. Then optimisations, multicore parallelism, [pdf] vector parallelism. Last hand-written vector instructions and "unsafe" programs and the more obvious foreign function interface programs. source secs mem gz Haskell GHC #6 1.62 19,688 368 Lisp SBCL #3 3.49 616,192 499 Racket 10.41 77,952 459 × source secs mem gz cpu secs cpu load 1.0 Rust #4 0.71 19,076 804 0.71 0% 1% 1% 100% 1.1 Chapel #2 0.76 19,976 423 0.77 98% 5% 2% 1% 1.1 C gcc #2 0.82 19,704 422 0.82 100% 1% 1% 1% 1.2 C gcc 0.89 19,704 459 0.88 1% 100% 0% 1% 1.2 C++ g++ #4 0.89 19,736 521 0.88 1% 1% 1% 100% 1.3 OCaml #7 0.89 19,864 603 0.89 1% 98% 1% 1% 1.4 PHP #5 1.03 19,656 405 1.03 1% 1% 100% 0% 1.5 PHP #4 1.04 19,656 396 1.04 100% 0% 0% 1% 1.5 PHP #3 1.05 19,656 510 1.05 0% 100% 0% 0% 1.7 Node.js #4 1.23 56,100 487 1.26 0% 0% 2% 99% 1.9 Go 1.34 19,700 715 1.36 75% 1% 0% 27% 2.1 PHP #2 1.46 19,656 552 1.46 100% 0% 0% 0% 2.1 Matz's Ruby #5 1.52 285,696 488 1.52 88% 2% 0% 12% 2.2 Ruby yjit #5 1.57 852,480 494 1.57 100% 1% 0% 0% 2.3 Haskell GHC #6 1.62 19,688 368 1.67 2% 75% 22% 2% 2.6 Haskell GHC #4 1.83 19,688 355 1.89 66% 6% 2% 27% 3.1 Go #2 2.18 19,700 740 2.23 47% 15% 38% 0% 3.1 Haskell GHC #3 2.21 19,688 387 2.28 36% 60% 1% 2% 3.1 Haskell GHC #2 2.23 19,688 592 2.29 24% 6% 65% 6% 3.1 Haskell GHC 2.24 19,688 466 2.31 29% 15% 32% 26% 3.5 Go #8 2.51 19,700 727 2.51 1% 0% 99% 0% 4.0 Dart #2 2.82 19,664 496 2.87 83% 17% 1% 1% 4.0 OCaml #5 2.88 19,672 465 2.88 0% 100% 1% 0% 4.4 Erlang #3 3.15 68,836 568 4.20 30% 69% 5% 29% 4.5 Ruby yjit #2 3.18 2,172,920 666 3.18 45% 0% 0% 55% 4.5 Dart #3 3.18 19,664 495 3.23 0% 99% 0% 0% 4.6 Erlang #2 3.26 75,544 518 5.16 27% 52% 26% 55% 4.7 Erlang 3.36 94,388 565 4.11 10% 23% 7% 81% 4.9 Lisp SBCL #4 3.49 621,184 495 3.49 0% 0% 100% 0% 4.9 Lisp SBCL #3 3.49 616,192 499 3.49 0% 0% 100% 0% 6.5 Python 3 #4 4.61 19,652 348 4.61 0% 0% 99% 0% 7.3 Go #7 5.19 19,700 702 5.98 28% 28% 31% 27% 8.7 Lisp SBCL #2 6.21 628,500 655 6.21 100% 0% 0% 1% 9.2 C# .NET #7 6.59 53,412 579 7.20 4% 37% 45% 23% 11 Java 7.63 491,600 807 8.66 34% 18% 28% 32% 12 VW Smalltalk #4 8.42 55,680 757 8.42 0% 99% 0% 0% 15 Racket 10.41 77,952 459 10.41 0% 100% 0% 0% 17 Node.js #2 12.45 84,544 405 12.47 0% 1% 99% 0% 18 Node.js #3 12.53 84,420 431 12.55 0% 99% 0% 0% 19 Perl 13.27 19,684 471 13.26 0% 100% 0% 0% 21 Free Pascal 14.68 19,720 3068 14.67 0% 0% 100% 0% 24 Ruby yjit 16.81 104,064 524 16.81 0% 0% 100% 1% 466 PHP 5 min 19,656 756 5 min 0% 100% 0% 0% Lua #7 Failed Lua #5 Failed Lua Failed Perl #2 Failed Perl #4 Failed Python 3 #5 Failed Matz's Ruby #2 Failed Matz's Ruby Bad Output hand-written vector instructions | "unsafe" | naked ffi × source secs mem gz cpu secs cpu load 1.0 Rust #3 0.74 19,076 1373 0.74 0% 0% 100% 0% 1.0 Rust 0.74 19,076 1426 0.74 1% 2% 100% 1% 1.1 Rust #2 0.75 19,076 1312 0.75 100% 1% 1% 1% 1.1 Chapel #4 0.75 19,720 515 0.76 100% 0% 0% 2% 1.2 C++ g++ #5 0.87 19,736 804 0.87 2% 0% 0% 100% 1.2 Free Pascal #3 0.87 20,008 536 0.87 0% 1% 0% 100% 1.2 Classic Fortran #4 0.88 19,652 987 0.88 2% 2% 100% 0% 1.2 Ada 2012 GNAT #2 0.88 19,828 1137 0.88 1% 0% 100% 2% 1.2 Swift #2 0.89 19,700 606 0.89 2% 98% 1% 0% 1.3 C# .NET #5 0.93 35,096 990 0.96 4% 1% 1% 97% 1.3 Java #3 0.94 40,944 770 0.96 1% 98% 1% 3% 1.3 F# .NET #6 0.96 31,680 917 0.95 97% 1% 0% 2% 1.3 Go #4 0.96 19,700 689 0.98 1% 1% 1% 99% 1.3 C# .NET #6 0.96 33,240 1182 0.95 0% 0% 3% 99% 1.4 Julia #3 1.02 242,944 512 1.14 5% 9% 99% 0% 1.6 Julia #2 1.12 250,752 686 1.24 86% 0% 9% 16% 1.9 Python 3 #3 1.33 19,652 573 1.33 0% 0% 100% 0% 1.9 Racket #2 1.34 79,448 1142 1.34 0% 100% 0% 1% 1.9 F# .NET #4 1.34 33,524 887 1.37 98% 0% 2% 3% 1.9 Java #2 1.35 44,528 944 1.42 4% 25% 3% 76% 1.9 C# .NET #4 1.36 33,952 1135 1.35 2% 99% 0% 1% 2.3 Go #3 1.65 19,700 610 1.69 1% 28% 49% 24% 7.5 Free Pascal #2 5.37 19,672 834 5.37 0% 0% 100% 0% 7.6 Ada 2012 GNAT 5.39 19,892 1163 5.38 100% 0% 0% 0% 168 Haskell GHC #5 119.74 19,688 934 119.92 0% 100% 0% 0% by secs by mem by gz by cpu secs